- CHAPTER 5 - FOREST ECONOMICS (Continued)
NOTE 1: Chapter 5's Sections (5-A) and (5-B) are in another file (df5.html).
(5-A) ~ Economics - General ~[A1] Global (Prices, fuel-wood economics, high-yield forestry, Reservoir-Siltation Costs, Energy Costs of Basic Materials), [A2] Alternative uses of Rain-forest, [A3]~Jobs-Related Issues, [A4]~Wasting Wood, [A5]~South America, [A6]~Canada, [A7]-Europe, [A8] Asian Sub-Continent, [A9] Southeast Asia, [A10] Oceania, [A11] US, [A12] Plantations, [A13]~Non-Wood Forest Products,
(5-B) ~ Production and Consumption ~ [B1] Global - -([B1a] Roundwood, [B1b] Pulp and Paper, [B1c]~Fuel-wood/charcoal, [B1d]~Plantations), [B2] Africa - Fuelwood, [B3] Southeast Asia, [B4]~Canada, [B5] South America, [B6]~China, [B7]~Developing-Countries, [B8]~Asian Sub-Continent, [B9] Central Asia, [B10]~Pacific NW, [B11]~US - Eastern, [B12]~US - Southern, [B13]~US-All, [B14]~Developed Countries,
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Part [C1] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports ~ Global ~
The world's eight largest industrial countries, plus the rest of the EU, import 280 million m3 of timber and timber products per year. This accounts for 74% of the world's timber imports. In 2000, the US imported over $450 million worth of timber from Indonesia (This data is also in the Illegal/ Corrupt Practices Section.) Dave Currey et al, "Timber Trafficking: Illegal Logging in Indonesia, South East Asia and International Consumption of Illegally Sourced Timber (London, Emerson Press, Environmental Investigation Agency and Telapak Indonesia, Sept. 2001 pp. 9-10).
Trade in forest products as a % of production in 2000 (03M1)
Region- - - - |Industrial -|Sawn wood -|Wood-based
- - - - - - - | Roundwood -|- - - - - -| Panels
- - - - - - - |- P | E | S | P | E | S | P |E | S
Africa~ ~ ~ ~ | ~69| ~6| ~9| ~8| ~2| 25| ~2| 1|50
Asia~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 229| 11| ~5| 54| ~7| 13| 47|15|32
Oceania ~ ~ ~ | ~47| ~9| 19| ~8| ~2| 25| ~4| 1|25
N./Cent. Amer.| 624| 15| ~2|194| 57| 29| 60|14|23
South America | 153| ~2| ~1| 30| ~5| 17| 11| 3|27
Europe~ ~ ~ ~ | 464| 71| 15|128| 56| 44| 65|23|35
World ~ ~ ~ ~ |1587|114| ~7|421|128| 30|189|56|30
Table Notes: P = production (million m3); E = exports (million m3); S = exports as % of production.
Trade in forest products as a % of production in 2000 (03M1) (FAOSTAT data)
Region- - - - | Pulp - - | Paper/Paperboard
- - - - - - - | P |E | S | P | E | ~S
Africa~ ~ ~ ~ | ~3| 1| 33| ~3| ~1| 33
Asia~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 22| 2| ~9| 95| 12| 13
Oceania ~ ~ ~ | ~3| 1| 33| ~4| ~1| 25
N./Cent. Amer.| 86|18| 21|112| 25| 22
S. America~ ~ | 11| 5| 45| 10| ~1| 10
Europe~ ~ ~ ~ | 47|11| 23|100| 58| 58
World ~ ~ ~ ~ |171|38| 22|323| 98| 30
Table Notes: P = production (million m3); E = exports (million m3); S = exports as % of production.
The largest forest product trade flows are intra-regional. Europe, North America and Asia combined account for 90% of the value of forest product exports and around 95% of imports. Europe accounts for almost a half of the global trade in forest products, and 80% of European trade is between European countries. Similarly, trade between the US and Canada accounts for around 70% of North and Central American trade, while Japan is a partner in around 35% of trade in the Asia- Pacific region (03M1).
Over the past 4 decades, international trade in wood fiber has quadrupled (98M1).
About 20% of pulp production and 25% of paper production is now traded internationally (98M1).
Although fewer than 8% of timber and 26% of paper production are traded internationally, the legal and recorded trade of $114 billion/ year in timber, pulp and paper makes forest products one of the most valuable sectors in the global marketplace (98A1).
Nearly 90% of the legal and recorded international timber trade comes from temperate and boreal forests (98A1).
The world's commercial timber harvest in 1990 (1.7 billion m3) supports a $85 billion international forest-products trade (91P1).
Global trade in wood products: $98+ billion in 1991 (93D2).
Over-cutting should drop the number of net tropical-wood-exporting countries from 33 to as few as 10 over the next decade (91P1) (World Bank estimate).
Ref. (81B1) tabulates exports-minus-imports of forest products in 1974 by nation.
The ITTO found that tropical raw timber exports from the Asia-Pacific region have declined steadily for the past 3 years, as timber exports from Latin America have jumped, reflecting a dramatic increase in commercial logging in South America (96F1).
Globally, the share of wood production that is exported has doubled since 1970. Between 1970-95, the value of legal forest products exports worldwide nearly tripled in constant $ to over $142 billion/ year (99A1).
Since the 1960s, the volume of pulp and paper trade has increased over 5-fold (99A2). Close to 16% of the world's wood pulp and 17% of the paper and paperboard were traded internationally in the 1960s. (22 and 29% respectively in 1997). These products represent 45% of the total value of the world forest products exports (Ref. 25 of (99A2)).
Value of global trade in forest products: $29 billion in 1961, $139 billion in 1998. (Hilary French, Vanishing Borders: Protecting the Planet in the Age of Globalization, World Watch, 3/27/00).
Global legal trade in forest products: $135 billion in 1997 (UNWire/WWF, 1/31/00).
The World Trade Organization's ministerial meeting in Seattle in December 1999 will seek ways to increase trade of forest products (Reuters, 6/3/99).
Top 15 Forest Product Exporters by Value in 1995 ($ million) (98A2)
Country - - -|Exports|Pct. | Increase
- - - - - - -| - - - |- - -| since 1970(%)
World~ ~ ~ ~ |142,344|100.0|185
Canada ~ ~ ~ | 27,787| 19.5|157
USA~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 18,148| 12.7|178
Finland~ ~ ~ | 11,953| ~8.4|149
Sweden ~ ~ ~ | 11,582| ~8.1| 90
Germany~ ~ ~ | ~7,800| ~5.5|468
France ~ ~ ~ | ~5,837| ~4.1|374
Indonesia~ ~ | ~4,728| ~3.3|267
Malaysia ~ ~ | ~4,232| ~3.0|256
Russia ~ ~ ~ | ~4,028| ~2.8| 22
Brazil ~ ~ ~ | ~3,547| ~2.5|695
Austria~ ~ ~ | ~3,361| ~2.4|149
Netherlands~ | ~3,017| ~2.1|347
Italy~ ~ ~ ~ | ~2,874| ~2.0|367
Belgium/ Lux.| ~2,791| ~2.0|228
Norway ~ ~ ~ | ~2,309| ~1.6| 96
-Totals~ ~ ~ |113,994| 80. | ~-
Comments:
Hopefully the increase since 1970 (Col. 4) is in constant $.
Trade in Forest Products ((00W1), Table FG.3)
Units: Billions of US dollars/ year (1996-98 data)
Region - - - - - - |Imports|Exports
Asia (excl.Mideast)| ~37.1 | 16.4
Europe ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | ~63.9 | 64.8
Mideast/ N. Africa | ~ 5.4 | ~0.2
Sub-Saharan Africa | ~ 1.0 | ~2.6
Canada ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | ~ 3.7 | 25.2
US ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | ~24.1 | 18.1
Cent. Amer./Caribb.| ~ 2.5 | ~0.5
South America~ ~ ~ | ~ 3.4 | ~4.8
Oceania~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | ~ 1.9 | ~2.6
Totals ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 142.9 |135.3
Africa ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | ~ 2.9 | ~2.7
Asia ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | ~40.6 | 16.6
Developing ~ ~ ~ ~ | ~32.6 | 22.5
Developed~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 110.4 |112.8
Nations With Net Exports of Over $1 Billion (US)/ year of Forest Products
((00W1), Table FG.3)Part [C2] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ Africa ~Sub-Part [C2a] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports ~
Africa - Cote d' Ivoire
~
1974 log exports: 4 million m3 (80S1).
1980 timber exports: $490 million (Ref. 18 of (91P1)).
1987 timber exports: $ 81 million (Ref. 18 of (91P1)).
In the 1960s and 70s, timber exports were worth $300 million/ year. In the early 90s, timber exports were worth $30 million/ year (Ref. 26 of (95B1)).
Sub-Part [C2b] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports ~ Africa - Ghana ~
1981 raw log exports from Ghana were 7% of 1964 exports (84P1).
Forest product exports from Ghana dropped by 2/3 during 1974-85 (Ref. 30 of (88P1)).
Timber exports from Ghana have increased in volume and revenue since the start of the Economic Recovery Program, $16 millions in 1983 to 100 millions in 1988 (97U2).
In 1994, Ghana earned $222 million from export of 983,000 m3 of wood, up 29% over 1993 (97U2).
Sub-Part [C2c] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ Africa - Nigeria ~
Nigeria was once a major timber exporter. By 1988 it was importing $100 million/ year worth of forest products (95B1).
Nigeria was once (1964) the world's largest tropical log exporter, but exports dropped to near zero today due to over-harvesting its forests (88P1).
1981 raw log exports from Nigeria were 1% of what they were in 1964 (Ref. 50 of (84P1)).
Log exports from Nigeria declined 20-fold during 1970-80 (84P1). All-forest-product exports declined 16-fold during 1970-80 (84P1).
Nigeria's Hardwood Sawlog and Veneer Log Exports (1000 m3) (FAO data) (88P3) (88P1)
Year ~ |1964|1965|1970|1975|1977|1979|1981|1985
Exports| 750| 590| 220| 100| 20 | 20 | 30 | 70
During 1950-80, Nigeria went from being a timber exporter to being a timber importer (84G1) ($221 million worth of imports in 1981 (Ref. 38 of (84B1))).
In 1985, Nigeria earned $6 million from forest-product exports, and spent $160 million on forest-product imports (88P1).
Part [C3] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ Australia ~Australia is a net importer of forest products (81B1).
Australia is a large importer of timbers, often from unsustainably logged tropical rainforests (97U3).
Australian timber importers have adopted a policy of importing only from suppliers using the best logging methods. Australia's imports of rain-forest timber decreased from 132,400 m3 in 1991-92 to 90,100 m3 in 1994-95 (95A4).
About 80% of Tasmania's wood chips are shipped to Japan (98M1).
Part [C4] ~ Imports/ Exports
~ Asian Sub-Continent ~Sub-Part [C4a] ~ Imports/ Exports - Asian Sub-Continent - Bhutan (near Nepal)
~
No raw logs are allowed to be exported (90F1). Comments:
World trade agreements may now forbid this.
Sub-Part [C4b] ~ Imports/ Exports - Asian Sub-Continent - Sri Lanka
~
Hardwood exports are now banned totally, and Sri Lanka imports wood from Malaysia and Indonesia (86U2).
Part [C5] ~ Imports/ Exports ~ Canada ~
Forest products exports: over $30 billion/ year, making Canada the world's largest timber exporter (98A1).
Over 3/4 of all timber revenues from Canadian crown lands come from British Columbia (98A1).
By the early 1950s Ontario had become a net importer of lumber (83S1).
British Columbia accounts for 60% of Canada's lumber exports (Greenberger and Tamburri, Wall Street Journal, 2/20/96).
Canada exports 90% of its pulp (Wall Street Journal, 2/28/96).
Canadian imports account for 36% of the US softwood lumber market (27% in 1991) (R. Tamburri, Wall Street Journal, 1/9/96).
Canada is the world's leading exporter of newsprint, and the US is its biggest customer. Well over 50% of all paper used in American newspapers comes from Canadian forests. Canada's exports account for 2/3 of the world's trade in newsprint (p. 24 of (83S1)).
Canadian exports of pulp and paper: $1.8 million (1900); $163 million (1920) (p. 63 of (83S1)).
Part [C6] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ South America ~ [C6a] Brazil, [C6b] Chile, [C6c]~Uruguay,
Sub-Part [C6a] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ South America - Brazil
~
Brazil increased its pulp exports in the first half of the 1990s from 1.035 to 1.950 million tons (98M1).
At the 6/97 UN-sponsored Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITIES) Brazil agreed to accept CITIES regulations over the mahogany trade, and will issue export permits for mahogany. (Brazil has 90% of the world's remaining mahogany.) (Pittsburgh Post Gazette, 6/21/97).
Sub-Part [C6b] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ South America - Chile ~
Chile's forest products export has grown from $334 million in 1985 to $2 billion in 1995, largely on the strength of a heavily subsidized plantation program (98M1).
Forest products are Chile's third-largest export, and have grown at a rate of 22%/ year in the last decade (97H2).
Tree plantations now supply over 90% of all wood exported from Chile (97H2).
Japan is responsible for 70% of the global demand for wood chips, and buys almost all of the wood chips exported from Chile (97H2).
Chile is self-sufficient in forest products. Exports: $400 million in 1986 (88P1).
Sub-Part [C6c] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ South America - Uruguay ~
Uruguay must import most of its wood (80W4).
Part [C7] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports ~ Developing Countries ~
Tropical hardwood exports were worth $8 billion in 1980, but they have fallen to $6 billion around 1990, and are projected to shrink to $2 billion by 2000 (90R2).
In 1989, developing countries (excluding China) imported $11.5 billion and exported $12.7 billion worth of wood products (Ref. 10 of (92V1)).
In 1950, advanced nations imported 4.2 million m3 of tropical hardwoods (53.3 million m3 in 1973) (79M3).
During 1950-73 the amount of tropical timber used in tropical regions doubled (79M3).
Production and Trade Volume (1989) in Developing Countries (except China) (92V1)
Sources of Tropical Timber (million m3/ year) in 1950 and 1980
(84G1) (80M2)Part [C8] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ Far East ~ [C8a] Japan, [C8b] China,Net Imports of Forest Products (million m3/ year) (Ref. 47 of (94P1))
Sub-Part [C8a] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ Far East - Japan ~In 1995 Japan accounted for 10.7% of world paper production and 10.9% of consumption. Japan's imports accounted for 70% of the world's market for wood chips in 1994 (12% for pulp) (98M1).
Japan imports 66% of its wood consumption (82W1) (65% of consumption in 1976 (80M3)).
Japan's imports of tropical wood quadrupled during 1960-80 (Ref. 35 of (88P1)).
Japan imported 13.5 million m3 of wood from Vietnam in 1992 (95H1).
Japanese Imports of Hardwood Lumber in 1995 (1000 m3)
(97H1)
Japanese Imports of Hardwood Lumber from the US (in units of 1000 m3) (97H1)
Year ~ |1976 |1978 |1980|1982|1984| 1986| 1988| 1990
Imports| 8.2 |12.4 |27.9|33.3|95.4|127.5|295.3|315.8
Year ~ |1992 |1994 | 1995
Imports|265.1|242.7|246.7
Comments:
These figures probably don't include raw log imports, because the price paid in 1995 is given as $1.77/ bf.Sub-Part [C8b] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ Far East - China ~
China is the largest net importer of paper in the world (Ref. 28 of (99A2)).
China's wood demand will exceed domestic supply by 40 million m3 in 2000 - 8 times China's net imports in 1997 (99A2).
China's wood imports (million m3): 8 (1980); 14 (1988) (95R2); 25 (1989); 15 (1990) (91P1).
China's timber imports rose 70% during 1981-88 (95R2).
Total roundwood imported into China increased by almost 40% from 1973-93 (95F1).
Part [C9] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports ~ Europe ~ [a] France, [b] Great Britain, [c] Sweden,
Sub-Part [C9a] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports ~
Europe - France ~
France imported 2.3 million m3 in 1992 (95H1).
Sub-Part [C9b] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ Europe - Great Britain ~
Timber imports and wood-product imports total $1.6 billion/ year - the fourth largest item in Great Britain's import bill (73N1).
Sub-Part [C9c] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ Europe - Sweden ~
Sweden supplies 30% of Europe's timber, and 60% of its pulp (Ref. 19 of (78B1)).
Part [C10] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports ~ Southeast Asia ~ [C10a] Indonesia, [C10b] Malaysia, [C10c] Philippines, [C10d]~Thailand,
Sub-Part [C10a] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ Southeast Asia - Indonesia ~
The 1985 ban on exporting raw logs has not been enforced (90H1).
Sawlog and veneer-log exports declined from 18 to 6 million m3/ year during 1978-81 (84P1).
Mills in Sumatra and Kalimantan import logs from Sabah, Sarawak and Irian Jaya (90R1).
Sub-Part [C10b] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ Southeast Asia - Malaysia ~
In 1990, export taxes were placed on sawn wood equivalent to 11-22% of the export price of sawn wood (92V1).
Malaysia exported 26 million m3 of tropical wood products in 1991 as cutting rates exceeded sustained yield by 4 times (Ref. 51 of (94P1)).
Malaysia's exports earned $3.1 billion in 1989 (91P1).
Malaysia could be a net importer in less than a decade (91P1).
Hardwood exports in 1969 were 9.4 million t. (73A1). 60% of this was from Sabah and Sarawak, and 80% went to Japan (73A1).
Sub-Part [C10c] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ Southeast Asia - Philippines ~
Philippine mills are closing or importing logs from Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia) (90R1).
Log exports declined after 1976 by 75% due to the almost complete removal of all accessible lowland forest (84G1).
Philippines timber exports peaked at $217 million/ year in the early 1970s. In the early 1990s it exported zero (95B1).
1981 log exports were only 15% of peak exports (Ref. 50 of (84P1)).
In the 1960s and 1970s, the Philippines became one of the top four timber exporters in the world by liquidating 90% of its forests. The Philippines is now a wood importer. 18 million Philippine forest dwellers have become impoverished. (99A1) (98B2).
Sub-Part [C10d] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ Southeast Asia - Thailand ~
Importation of wood began in 1967. $213 million/ year was spent on imported forestry products by 1984 (89T1).
Thailand's 1981 raw log exports were 8% of peak exports (84P1).
Thailand is now a net importer of forest products (98B2).
Part [C11] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports ~ Oceania ~
Sub-Part [C11a] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ Oceania - New Zealand
~
New Zealand is a net exporter of forest products (81B1).
Sub-Part [C11b] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
- Oceania - Solomon Islands ~
Log exports from Solomon Islands: 302,000 m3
in 1991; 591,000 m3 in 1993 (94U2).
(Logs went mostly to Japan and South Korea) Raw logs are exported, unlike most tropical Asia-Pacific countries (94U2).
Part [C12] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports ~ Central Asia ~
Sub-Part [C12a] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports ~
Central Asia - Siberia
~
Over 60% of timber exported to the rest of the Soviet Union is not milled, as is 75% of Siberian timber exported abroad (92R5).
A 1989 agreement with Hyundai Corporation of South Korea has led to large-scale clear-cutting in the Primorsky region of Siberia using Chinese labor (92G1) (94W2). Only a fraction of the proposed harvest has been realized, however, and Hyundai is now reportedly considering pulling out of the region. Comments: Various articles in the mass media in the early 1990s noted large-scale timber theft in eastern Russia, apparently due to corrupt Russian officials.
Japanese, US, and other trading companies are seeking to expand their operations into Siberia (95U2) (95G1) (92P2).
Sub-Part [C12b] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports
~ Central Asia - USSR (former) ~
Timber exports from the former USSR exceeded $1.3 billion in 1989 (91C1).
Exports of Siberian timber accounts for 2.6% of the Soviet Union's total foreign trade. Siberian joint ventures are being negotiated with Japan, Korea, US and European timber companies (92R5).
Over 60% of Siberian timber exported to the rest of the former Soviet Union is not milled, as is 75% of Siberian timber exported abroad (Ref. 9 of (92R5)).
Until recently, US markets were closed to Russian roundwood imports because of concerns over the introduction of new pest species into US forests. However, new rules were enacted by the US Department of Agriculture in August 1995 lifting the ban on the import of raw logs. Under these regulations, Russian raw logs must be sterilized to kill pests prior to reaching US shores. These regulations have been challenged by environmental groups as being too weak (95U3).
The total amount of roundwood imported into China from Russia increased by almost 40% from 1973-93 (95F1).
Part [C13] ~ Forest Products Imports/ Exports ~ United States ~
West Coast of the US softwood exports in 1992 (in billions of board-ft.) wood chips 2.72; pulp 3.93; raw logs 3.45; veneer 0.5, slabbed logs 0.71; lumber 0.71 (
Wild Forest Review, Dec. 1993).The US has been a net importer of wood since 1914 (76B1).
From 1914-71, US consumption of wood products supplied by imports grew from zero to 12.2% of consumption (76B1).
Over 50,000 acres/ year (202 km2/ year) of southern US forest leave the port of Mobile Alabama bound for overseas, particularly the pulp mills of Japan and Korea (97L1).
Between 1989-1995 southern US hardwood chip exports increased five-fold (98M1).
In 1970 the US exported 14% of its total harvest of wood suitable for lumber (73R1).
Some 2 billion cubic ft. of wood are exported from the US annually (mostly to Japan and Europe), and 4 billion cubic ft. of wood are imported into the US annually, mostly from Canada (Forest Watch, 7/91).
During 1973-91, total value of US hardwood exports increased from $132 million/ year to $1.55 billion. In 1967 log exports accounted for over 50% of US hardwood exports. In the early 1990s log exports were 16% of total hardwoods export value (Forest Watch, 6/93, p. 20). Comments: On a wood-volume basis, both of these percentages would be a lot higher. It is not known whether inflation is corrected for in the export data.
An export ban sets the other major restriction on who may benefit from US federal timber sales. Timber from federal lands must be milled before it is exported. In addition, timber may not be sold to a company that plans to substitute that federal timber for non-milled logs from another source that will then be shipped overseas (Ross W. Gorte, Congressional Research Service, "Log Export Restrictions," 91-365 ENR, 4/22/91) (94D4).
US Softwood Timber Demand (not pulp) (in billions of ft3) (80H1)
US Hardwood Timber Demand (not pulp) (in billion ft3) (80H1)
In the Pacific Northwest, 25% of trees harvested in 1989 were exported as raw logs, untouched by mill workers (90R2).
Timber-related jobs declined 15% during the 1980s even as timber harvests reached record levels. A ban on raw log exports would provide 4 times more wood for local mills as would be set aside under a recent federal plan to protect spotted owls (90R2).
Hardwood Lumber Exports From the US to Europe and Asia (million b.f./ year) (91L2)
Hardwood Log exports From the US to Europe and Asia (1000 m3) (91L1)
Imports of Hardwood Products (excluding pulp products) into the US and Exports of Hardwood Products (excluding pulp products) from the US (million ft3/ year, roundwood equivalent)
(88L3) (88L2) (Data pulled from a smoothed plot) (US Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Census data)US 1971 Trade in Wood Products
(million ft3 of roundwood equivalent) (Ref. 6 of (76B1))US Hardwood Veneer Trade (million ft2, 1/36" basis) and Plywood Trade (million ft2, 3/8" basis) (94N2), (95N1)
US Hardwood Log Trade (million b.f.) and Lumber Trade (million board-ft.) (94N2), (95N1)
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