- CHAPTER 7 - APPENDICES
(7-A) - Units Conversions - Precise -
[A1] Lengths, [A2] Areas, [A3] Weights, [A4] Volumes,
(7-B) - Units Conversions - Imprecise -
[B1]
logs to lumber, [B2] Wood to Charcoal,
[B3] Wood to Energy, [B4] Paper to Paper
(recycling) , [B5] Wood to Paper, [B6] Water to Paper, [B7] Biomass to Carbon,
(7-C) - Densities
-
(7-D) -Definitions
-
(7-E) -Information Sources and Organizations on
Forest Land Degradation
-
(7-F) -Databases
-
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SECTION (7-A) - Conversion Factors - Precise -
[A1] Lengths, [A2] Areas, [A3] Weights, [A4] VolumesPart [A1] - Conversion Factors - Lengths -
foot (ft.) = 0.3048 meter (m.)Part [A2] - Conversion Factors - Areas -
2.47 acres = 1.0 hectare (ha.)
1.00 acre = 0.4047 hectare (ha.)
acre = 4047 sq. meters (m2)
247. acres = 1.0 km2
640. acres = 1.0 mile2 = 2.59 km2 = 259 ha.
100 ha. = 1.0 km2 (=1.0 (km)2)
1.0 sq. ft. = 0.0929 sq. meter (m2)
Part [A3] - Conversion Factors - Weights -
English ton = 907.18 kg.
1.0 English ton = 0.90718 metric ton (tonne) (t.)
1.1023 English ton = 1.0 metric ton (tonne) (t.)
2204.6 lb. = 1000 kg.
1.0 Gt. (giga-tonne) = 1 billion metric tonnes
Part [A4] - Conversion Factors - Volumes -
1.0 km3 (= 1.0(km)3)= 1 billion m3
1.0 acre-foot = 1234 m3= 325,850 gallons
1.0 cubic yard (yd3)= 0.7646 m3 (1.0 m3=
1.3079 yd3)
1.0 cubic foot (ft3 )= 0.028317 m3 (1.0 m3=
35.312 ft3)
1.0 gallon (gal.) = 0.003787 m3 (1.0 m3= 264.06
gallon)
1 cord (4'x4'x8') = 78 ft.3 of wood = 2.21 m3 **
**(3.6246 m3 according to Ref. (76F1), but this assumes a solid
mass of wood (128 ft.3) - not a pile of logs with air spaces in
between them)
1 std. cord Pulpwood = 85 ft3 = 2.41 m3 (solid wood)
(96W1), (91W2)
1 cord (solid wood, pulpwood)= 2.4069 m3 (90D1)
1 cord (solid wood, non-pulp)= 2.2654 m3 (90D1)
Number of cords in 1 ton of:
spruce or fir - - - (green) 0.5556 (96W1)(91W2)
hemlock-tamarack - -(green) 0.5000 (96W1)(91W2)
pine (NE US, Canada)(green) 0.5263 (96W1)(91W2)
aspen-yellow poplar (green) 0.5263 (96W1)(91W2)(98W2)
oak-hickory - - - - (green) 0.3571 (91W2)(98W2)
1000 bd.-ft. (logs-FAO)=~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 4.53 m3 (95N1)
1000 bd.-ft. (logs-Doyle Scale) = ~ | 4.59 m3 (95N1)
1000 bd.-ft. (logs-int'l 1/4" rule)=| 3.48 m3 (95N1)
1000 bd.-ft. (logs-Scribner) =~ ~ ~ | 3.90 m3 (95N1)
1 ft3 = 8.1371 bd.-ft. (Implying 1000 bd. ft.= 3.48
m3) (90D1) *
* The bd. ft. (board-foot) unit is not a good or true measure of wood
volume. Because wood products other than dimension limber are becoming
important, this unit is being replaced by the cubic meter (m3)
(90D1).
For a rough conversion to board-ft., cubic ft. figures for the North (US)
can be multiplied by 2.7, 3.7 for the South, and 5.1 for the West. These
figures are valid for standing timber but may be low for timber cut. (Forest
Watch, 7/91).
Softwood logs: 1 Mbf (thousand board-ft.) (International 1/4" log rule)
= 149.1 ft3 (98W2)
Hardwood logs 1 Mbf (thousand board-ft.) (International 1/4" log rule)
= 153.0 ft3 (98W2)
Comments: Conversions of board-ft. (bf) or thousands of board-ft. (Mbf) to ft3 or m3 has a wide range of conversion factors. Try to avoid using board-ft. The industry is getting away from this measure - apparently by some international agreement.
NOTE: This document sometimes gives numbers in English units. However the preferred system of units is the metric system - tonnes (or "t."), meters (m) and kilometers (km.) since only 1-2 of the 180+ nations persist in using cumbersome English units. Even in the US, nearly all technical, scientific, and medical people use metric units.
In this document, as is standard practice, km2 etc. mean (km)2 etc.
Return to Table of Contents
SECTION (7-B) - Conversion Factors - Imprecise - [B1] logs to lumber, [B2] Wood to Charcoal, [B3] Wood to Energy, [B4]~ Paper to Paper (recycling) , [B5] Wood to Paper, [B6] Water to Paper,
Part [B1] - Logs to lumber (76F1)
100 m3 of green logs produce 63 m3 of rough green lumber + 10 m3 of sawdust + 27 m3 of wood chips. 63 m3 of rough green lumber produce 60 m3 of rough dry lumber (after being kiln-dried). 60 m3 of rough dry lumber produce 45 m3 of finished lumber + 15 m3 of shavings and trim (76F1).
100 m3 of green logs produce 55 m3 of green veneer that produce 52 m3 of dry veneer, which produce 45 m3 of finished plywood (+ 5 m3 depending on the diameter of the logs) (76F1). Comments: These numbers indicate a 5% shrinkage of volume when wood is dried (1.67% linear shrinkage).
Part [B2] - Conversions - Wood to Charcoal -
In charcoal production, the ratio of carbon input in the form of wood to carbon output in the form of charcoal ranges from 1.2-2.0 (Ayres et al, 1987 in (91A1)) (Charcoal is produced by heating wood in a system lacking oxygen so as to remove water and other volatile constituents, making the energy content of charcoal greater (per unit weight) than wood.) The process is sometimes called pyrolysis. Charcoal is used in preference to wood to save transportation costs, or to achieve a higher temperature, typically in metallurgical operations.
Part [B3] - Conversions - Wood to Energy -
Wood Type - - - |Million | Million
- - - - - - - - | BTU/ton| BTU/tonne
Softwood (green)| ~ 9.0~ | 9.9 (93W4)(98W1)
Hardwood (green)| ~ 8.6~ | 9.5 (93W4)(98W1)
Wood | 0.3 tonne oil/ m3 (91D1)
Wood | 7500 BTU/ lb. (79S4)
Comments: This is equivalent to 15 million BTU/ ton (apparently of
dry wood).
Part [B4] - paper to paper (recycling) -
Paper fibers can only be recycled 5-6 times before they become too weak for further use (99A1).
Part [B5] - Conversions - Wood to paper -
To make a tonne of virgin paper requires 2-3.5 tonnes of trees being bought to the mill (99A2).
Lignin removal is what makes the pulping process so energy- and chemical-intensive. Lignin makes up 23-34% of wood fibers (9-15% of non-wood raw-materials for paper making) (99A2).
Part [B6] - Conversions - Water to Paper -
To make a tonne of virgin paper fiber requires using 44-80 tonnes of water (depending on paper grade) (99A2).
Part [B7] - Conversions - Biomass to Carbon -
(Biomass-carbon) Globally, each cubic meter of growing stock equals, on average, 1 tonne of above-ground biomass, 1.3 tonnes of total biomass and 0.7 tonnes of carbon in (total) biomass (
05F1). Comments: Generally, the percentage of carbon in (dry) biomass is assumed to be about 45% carbon. See Section (7-C) of this literature review on units conversions to convert from wet biomass to dry biomass. Drying wood typically involves a 10% loss in weight.Return to Table of Contents
SECTION (7-C) - Densities -
Ref. (91D1) uses 0.733 tonne dry matter/ m3 (possibly meaning
m3 of dry matter). Comments: This density is for a fairly
dense, dry hardwood.
The moisture content of wood in growing trees ("green" wood) is about 10% by weight (91J2), so drying wood to create "dry matter" would entail a 10% loss of weight and 5% of volume shrinkage. (See "Conversion of Logs to Lumber" above.) Comments: The table of densities of common temperate species (see below) indicates a moisture content of green wood of about 25%.
To convert m3 of green wood to dry weight, use the conversions 438 kg. dry wood/ m3 of green softwood, and 525 kg. dry wood/ m3 of green hardwood (76S1). The US average is 467 kg. dry wood/ m3 of green wood (76S1).
Densities of Tropical Wood (tonnes/ m3) (84B4)
Densities of Common Temperate Woods in lb/ ft3 and (tonne/ m3)
(93W4)62.43 lb/ ft3= 1 tonne/ m3 = 1 gram/ cc
Comments: Assuming 5% volume-shrinkage on drying (76F1), these
numbers permit a calculation of moisture contents of these woods. E.g. for
yellow poplar, the moisture content is (100- 95*0.465/ 0.609) = 27.5%
moisture by weight.
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SECTION (7-D) - Definitions -
Acre:
the English unit of land area (247 acres = 1 km2; 2.47 acres = 1.0 hectare (ha.); 640 acres = 1 mile2) (This document uses km2 almost exclusively as the unit of land area.) (See Units Conversions below.).(Land must be quite poor (or arid) to be unable to meet this criterion.)
Cord: a stack of pulpwood logs 4 ft. x 4 ft. x 8 ft. (about 78
ft3 of wood) (2.209 m3 (76F1))
d.b.h.: diameter of a tree trunk at breast-height.
DBH: diameter of a tree trunk at breast-height.
Deforestation:
The removal of the forest and its replacement by another land use class,
such as shifting or permanent agriculture, ranching, mining or water
(usually from impoundments). By definition, logging does not in itself
result in deforestation, if the forest is allowed to regenerate.
Reforestation refers to the re-establishment of forest formations after a
temporary condition with a crown cover density of less than 10% (01F1).
Deforestation: Deforestation is the conversion of
forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of tree
canopy cover below the 10% threshold. Deforestation implies the long-term or
permanent loss of forest cover. Such a loss can only be caused and
maintained through a continued man-induced or natural perturbation.
Deforestation includes, for example, areas of forest converted to
agriculture (including agro-forestry), pasture, water reservoirs and urban
areas. The term specifically excludes areas where the trees have been
removed, due, for example, to harvesting or logging, and where the forest is
expected to regenerate naturally or with the aid of silvicultural measures
within the long-term. In areas of shifting agriculture, forest, forest
fallow and agricultural lands appear in a dynamic pattern where
deforestation and the return of forest occur frequently in small patches. To
simplify reporting of such areas, the net change over a larger area is
typically used. Deforestation also includes areas where over-utilization or
changing environmental conditions, influence the forest to an extent that it
cannot (currently) sustain a tree cover above the 10% threshold, for example
burnt-over areas where severe ground conditions or recurring fires for the
long-term prevents the return of forest formations, or areas that after
clear-cutting cannot regenerate because of frost, competing vegetation, or
other natural conditions. The concept "long-term" is central in
this definition and is defined as ten years. Local climatological
conditions, land use contexts or the purpose of the analysis may however
justify that a longer time frame is used (01F1).
Deforestation: Effectively permanent reduction of the productivity of
the land in terms of the values associated with trees. For example,
conversion of forest land to urban land, cropland, grazing land, etc. would
be considered deforestation. If, at some later date, the land were converted
back to forest, the process would be considered reforestation or
afforestation. Merely cutting, burning, or killing trees is not necessarily
deforestation. Cutting trees long before maturity should be considered at
least partial deforestation since the productivity of the land (in terms of
tree-related values) is significantly reduced or eliminated.
Deforestation: Conversion of forests to other uses such as croplands
or shifting cultivation. Forestland that has been logged and left to
regenerate are not counted as deforested, nor is forestland converted to
plantations (FAO definition) (98A1) (98A2).
Deforestation: reduction of tree (crown?) cover to under 20% in
developed countries, under 10% in developing countries (FAO) (98A2).
Desertification: The process of removal of the soil from a region so
that precipitation quickly evaporates or runs into underground aquifers,
giving the region the appearance and characteristics of a desert, even
though precipitation levels would suggest a non-desert; the creation of a
"well-rained-upon desert". Comments: This term became
common with the 9/77 UN Conference on Desertification (UNCOD) in Nairobi,
Kenya.
D.B.H.: Diameter at breast height (the diameter of a tree trunk 4
feet above the ground).
Desertification: The diminution or destruction of the biological
potential of land that can lead to desert-like conditions (definition of
UNCOD) (85D1) (Dregne's definition is given on p. 19 of Ref. (85D1)).
Desertification: The process of impoverishment and deterioration of
terrestrial ecosystems under the impact of Man that can be measured by
reduced productivity of desirable plants, undesirable alterations in
biomass, and diversity of micro- and macro-fauna and flora, accelerated soil
erosion, and increased hazards for human occupancy (78D1).
Edaphic: of, or
related to, soil.
Fallow:
idle. Fallowed cropland is cropland not planted in crops for one or more
growing season to allow time for soil moisture content to be restored (in
the case of arid cropland), or to allow time for soil nutrients to be
restored (in the case of shifting cultivation on tropical forest lands).
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization (part of United Nations). It
compiles and publishes information on agricultural-, forest- and fishery
production and resources (also water resources) on a global, regional or
national basis. (See Section (7-F) of this Chapter - Databases.)
FLPMA: Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (p. 371 of
(91J1)).
Forest:
Forests are lands of more than 0.5 ha, with a tree canopy cover of more
than 10%, which are not primarily under agricultural or urban land use
(01F1).
Forests are determined both by the presence of trees and the absence of
other predominant land uses. The trees should be able to reach a minimum
height of 5 meters in situ. Areas under reforestation which have yet
to reach a crown density of 10% or tree height of 5 m are included, as are
temporarily unstocked areas, resulting from human intervention or natural
causes, that are expected to regenerate. The term specifically includes:
forest nurseries and seed orchards that constitute an integral part of the
forest; forest roads, firebreaks and other small open areas; forest in
national parks, nature reserves and other protected areas such as those of
specific scientific, historical, cultural or spiritual interest; windbreaks
and shelterbelts of trees with an area of more than 0.5 ha and width of more
than 20 m; plantations primarily used for forestry purposes, including
rubberwood plantations and cork oak stands. The term specifically excludes
trees planted primarily for agricultural production, for example in fruit
plantations and agroforestry systems (01F1).
Forest: "Natural Forest" + Forest Plantations (FAO
definition) (97B2).
Forest degradation: Forest degradation is a reduction of the
canopy cover or stocking within a forest. For the purpose of having a
harmonized set of forest and forest change definitions, that also is
measurable with conventional techniques, forest degradation is assumed to be
indicated by the reduction of canopy cover and/or stocking of the forest
through logging, fire, wind-felling or other events, provided that the
canopy cover stays above 10% (cf. definition of forest). In a more general
sense, forest degradation is the long-term reduction of the overall
potential supply of benefits from the forest, which includes wood,
biodiversity and any other product or service (01F1).
Forest ecosystem: (IGBP definition) the area dominated by trees
forming a closed or partially closed canopy (00W1).
Forest ecosystem: (FAO definition) all areas having a minimum crown
cover of 10% and a minimum tree height of 5 m. (00W1).
Frontier Forest: Areas of large, ecologically intact and relatively
undisturbed natural forests (98A2).
GAO: General Accounting Office. It examines the financial aspects of
government agencies in an effort to point out problems and
inefficiencies.
Growing Stock: the stem-volume of live trees (92K1) (also called
"merchantable stem volume") (94W4)) Trees 12.7 cm.+ in diameter
(91M1).
Gt.: Giga-tonne (one billion metric tons or 1015
grams).
ha. (hectare): The internationally accepted unit of land area.
1.0 ha.= 2.47 acres; 100 ha.= 1 km2; 259 ha.= 1.0 square mile
IGBP: International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (00W1).
ITTO: International Tropical Timber Organization (a 69-nation trade
group based in Japan).
Hyper-arid Region: Lands receiving under 10 cm/ year of rainfall
(85D1).
km (kilometer): A measure of distance.
1.0 km.= 1000 meters; 1.6091 km.= 1.0 mile; 2.59 km2 (=2.59
(km)2)= 1.0 mile2
LDC: Less-Developed Country (Third World nation).
Merchantable: salable at a profit. (e.g. when the price timber will
bring in the marketplace exceeds the cost of cutting the timber and hauling
it to market, the timber is said to be merchantable.).
Net Primary Productivity (NPP): The rate at which carbon from
CO2
in the atmosphere is converted, by photosynthesis, to live organic matter
(leaves, twigs, branches, woody fiber, roots, grasses, seaweed,
phytoplankton, etc.).
NFMA: National Forest Management Act of 1976 (See Section (6-C) of
Chapter 6).
NRDC: Natural Resources Defense Council (environmental
organization -See Section (7-E)).
FAO has defined NWFPs as follows: "Non-wood forest products
consist of goods of biological origin other than wood, derived from forests,
'other wooded land' and 'trees outside forests'" (05F1).
Open Forest:
a forest with significant spacing between trees, allowing significant
sunlight to reach the understory (frequently grasslands in open forests
caused by arid climates) (as opposed to closed forests).
Order-of-Magnitude: a factor of ten, without high accuracy.
Other land: Other land is, for the purpose of forestry, any
land not classified as forest or other wooded land as defined above.
Includes agricultural land, meadows and pastures, built-on areas, barren
land, etc (01F1).
Other wooded land: Other Wooded Land is land with a canopy
cover of 5-10% of trees able to reach a height of 5 m in situ; or a
canopy cover of more than 10% when smaller trees, shrubs and bushes are
included (01F1).
Phytomass: Plant mass.
Pinion: Any of various low-growing nut pines of western North
America.
Plantation (forest): forests that have considerable human
intervention in their establishment and management. (Note that no clear line
divides a forest "plantation" from an intensely managed
"secondary forest".) ((00W1), p. 93).
Precipitation: Rainfall plus the equivalent amount of snowfall.
- - - - - Precipitation = run-off + transpiration.
Reforestation: Reforestation is the re-establishment of forest
formations after a temporary condition with less than 10% canopy cover due
to human-induced or natural perturbations. The definition of forest clearly
states that forests under regeneration are considered as forests even if the
canopy cover is temporarily below 10%. Many forest management regimes
include clear-cutting followed by regeneration, and several natural
processes, notably forest fires and windfalls, may lead to a temporary
situation with less than 10% canopy cover. In these cases, the area is
considered as forest, provided that the re-establishment (i.e.
reforestation) to above 10% canopy cover takes place within the relatively
near future. As for deforestation, the time frame is central. The concept
"temporary" is central in this definition and is defined as less
than ten years. Local climatological or land use contexts, or the purpose of
the analysis, may however justify that a longer time frame is used
(01F1).
Reforestation: Restoring the land to the status of forest land by
either planting trees or creating conditions necessary for natural
regeneration of trees, and doing so not long after deforestation.
RFF: Resources For the Future.
Riparian: Streamside; strongly affected by a nearby waterway.
Roundwood ("Industrial Roundwood"): logs and pulpwood (as
opposed to firewood) (92V1). The definition used in forest surveys by the
USFS is the merchantable stems or boles of trees in the forest at least
5" d.b.h., including all wood above a one-ft. high stump, and extending
up to a 4" top (76S1).
Roundwood: logs cut for industrial lumber and paper products, or used
for fuelwood and charcoal (98A1). (Fuelwood collected by rural households is
usually dead wood that does not contribute to deforestation (98A1).)
Comments: It seems that some definitions of roundwood include
firewood and some do not. Perhaps "industrial" roundwood excludes
firewood and just "roundwood" includes logs cut for firewood but
not branches, deadwood etc.
Run-off: Water that leaves the land by running off the land surface,
or by sinking into an underground aquifer. Run-off = Precipitation -
Transpiration.
Sapling: A live tree over 1" d.b.h. and under 5" d.b.h.
(93W4). (d.b.h. means diameter at breast-height, i.e. diameter at 4 feet
above the ground.
Savanna: A grass land containing scattered trees ("open
forest"). Tropical savannas are usually arid and poor grazing
lands.
Sawtimber: Live trees of commercial species containing at least one
12-ft. saw log or 2 non-contiguous 8-ft. logs, and meeting regional specs
for freedom from defects. Softwood sawtimber must be at least 9" DBH.
Hardwood sawtimber must be at least 11" d.b.h. (80H1).
SCS: United States Soil Conservation Service (founded in 1935).
Seedling: A live tree under 1" d.b.h. (93W4).
Semi-arid Land: Lands receiving rainfall at an average rate of 25-50
cm./ year (85D1).
Shinnery: A dense growth of small trees; one of the scrub oaks in the
west and southwestern US.
Steppe: a vast, level, treeless tract in southeastern Europe or Asia;
arid land with xerophilous vegetation found usually in regions of extreme
temperature range and loess (wind-deposited) soil.
Stumpage Value (Price): The financial value (price) of timber
standing in the forest. (A buyer of "stumpage" would cut the trees
and transport the logs at his own expense.).
Sub-Humid Land: Lands receiving 50-75 cm. of rainfall annually
(85D1).
Succession (plant-):
A vegetational-development process whereby an area becomes successively
occupied by plant communities of higher ecological order (94O1).
Comments: "higher ecological order" means closer to a
climax state.
t.: metric ton (See tonne) (=1.1023 English ton). (a unit of
weight)
Taiga: Typically a region containing stands of larches, spruce,
aspen, birch, fir, pine, poplar, and tamarack among lakes, marshes and bogs
in a northern climate (91C1).
Timberline: where there are 2 months or less of average temperatures
over 50 degrees F. (George Wuerthner, posting to RangeNet@egroups.com, 9/17/00).
Tonne: a metric ton; (often abbreviated as "t.") (See
Gt.).
1.0 tonne= 1000 kg.; 1.0 tonne= 1.1023 English tons= 2204.6 lbs.
Transpiration (noun): water that leaves the land or its vegetation by
evaporation into the air. Transpiration = precipitation - runoff: (adj.)
evaporative.
Tundra: Marshy plain.
UNCOD: United Nations Conference on Desertification, held 9/77 in
Kenya.
UNEP: United Nations Environmental Program (a sponsor of studies on
global environmental problems such as soil erosion, deforestation,
over-grazing, fishery degradation, etc.).
UNFAO: (See FAO).
US: United States.
USDA: United States Department of Agriculture.
USDI: United States Department of the Interior.
USEPA: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
USFS: United States Forest Service.
USGS: United States Geological Survey.
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SECTION (7-E) - Information Sources and Organizations Relevant to Forest Degradation -
Alaskan Boreal Forest Council
, 1707 Red Fox Dr., Fairbanks, AK 99079 (95A2).Calgary Rainforest Action Group, (crag@freenet.calgary.ab.ca) 7252
Silver Spring Road NW, Calgary, AB T3B 4A2 (concerned about global
deforestation, especially rain forests and boreal forests) (5/97).
Carrying Capacity Network, 2000 P St. NW, Suite 240, Washington DC
20036 (202-879-3044 or 1-800-466-4866 or 202-296-4548, fax 202-296-4609)
Offers numerous publications related to carrying-capacity issues.
(1995).
Cascade Holistic Economic Consultants, 14417 S.E. Laurie, Oak Grove, OR
97267.
The Conservation Foundation, 1255 23rd St. NW, Washington DC
20037.
Conservation Int'l, 1015 18th St. NW, Suite 1002, Washington DC 20036.
Defenders of the Rainforest, 9 Perkins Terrace, Worchester MA
01605-3706 (508-756-1819) (LUMANS@worldnet.att.net) (5/97).
Defensores Del Bosque Chileno, Antonia Lopez del Bello 024
Providencia, Santiago, Chile telephone (56-2) 737-4280,
(bosquech@entelchile.net) 1997 (trying to create ecologically-sustainable
forest policies and institutions in Chile).
Dogwood Alliance (focuses mainly on southern US forest issues)
(address unknown) (97L1).
Earth Island Institute 300 Broadway, Suite 28, San Francisco CA 94133
(415-788-3666).
Earthlife Foundation (USA), Suite 700, 1990 M St. N.W., Washington DC
20036 (202-223-4300). See Global Perspectives Quarterly, Fall 1983, Gerald
O. Barney and Patricia Maimon, editors, p.11. (They undertake
sustainable-development business projects.).
Earthroots, 251-401 Richmond St. West, Toronto, ON M5V 3A8 (a
Canadian organizations involved in boreal forest issues) (95A2).
Environmental Defense Fund, 1616 P St. NW, Suite 150 Washington DC
20036.
Environmental Defense Fund, 257 Park Av. South, New York NY 10010
(212-686-4191).
Environmental Protection Agency, Press Office, Room 329, West Tower,
A-107, 401 M Street SW, Washington DC 20460.
Food and Agriculture Organization (part of United Nations). Obtain a list of publications from UNIPUB, 4611-F Assembly Drive, Lanham MD 20706-4391.
Global Perspectives Quarterly, Gerald O. Barney and Patricia Maimon,
eds., P.O. Box 33247, Decatur GA 30033 (a newsletter) (as of 1983).
Global Tomorrow Coalition, 1325 G St. NW, Suite 915, Washington DC
20005
Greenpeace, 1436 U St. NW, Washington DC 200009.
High Country News, P.O.Box 1090, Paonia CO 81428 (303-527-4898).
Izaak Walton League of America, 707 Conservation Lane, Gaithersburg MD 20878-2983 (319-382-2947) (1994).
National Audubon Society, 801 Pennsylvania Av. S.E., Washington DC
20003.
National Audubon Society, 950 Third Ave, New York NY 10022
(212-832-3200).
National Resources Defense Council 71 Stevenson St. #1825, San
Francisco, CA 94105 (415-777-0220).
National Wildlife Federation 1412 16th St. NW, Washington DC 20036
(202-637-3700).
National Wildlife Federation 1400 16th St. NW, Washington DC
20036.
Native Forest Action of New Zealand (address unknown).
Native Forest Network of the US (address unknown).
Oregon Natural Resources Council, 5825 North Greeley, Portland OR 97217-4145 (503-283-6343) (sc@onrc.org) (http://www.onrc.org/onrc/) (5/97) Interested in deforestation issues, salmon protection.
Pacific Environmental and Resources Center, 1055 Fort Cronkhite,
Sausalito, CA 94965 (an organizations involved in boreal forest issues)
(95A2).
Population-Environment Balance, 1325 G St. NW, Suite 1003, Washington
DC 20005 (202-879-3000).
Project Lemu of Argentina (address unknown).
Prospective Decision Models, Inc., Commercial and Academic
Applications, Dept. 23645, Mercantile Road, Beachwood, OH 44122 (See Global
Perspectives Quarterly, Fall 1983, p.6) They do global modelling ala M.
Mesarovic.
Rain-forest Information Centre of Australia (address unknown).
Rain-forest Action Network, 301 Broadway Suite A, San Francisco CA
94133.
The Rainforest Foundation, 1776 Broadway 14th Fl., New York NY
10019.
Resources for the Future, Washington DC 20036.
Save America's Forests, 4 Library Court SE, Washington, DC 20003
(11/95).
Sierra Club, 730 Polk St., San Francisco CA 94109 (415-776-2211).
Southeast Alaska Conservation Council, P.O. Box 021692, Juneau,
Alaska 99802, or c/o Survival International USA, 2121 Decatur Pl NW,
Washington DC 20008.
Turner Foundation, Inc., P.O. Box 550026, Atlanta GA 30355 (404-681-9900). Founded in 1990 to support non-profit organizations in their work to preserve the Earth and its elements. It supports activities that draw attention to the issue of the human carrying-capacity of the Earth.
Union of Concerned Scientists, 2 Brattle Square, P.O. Box 9105, Cambridge MA 02238-9105. They do a variety of types of advocacy in issues that include population, agriculture and the environment.
Western Canada Wilderness Committee, #4, 10121 Whyte Ave., Edmonton
ALB T6E 1Z5 (a Canadian organizations involved in boreal forest issues)
(95A2).
Wild Earth, P.O. Box 492, Canton NY 13617 (315-379-9940) (quarterly
journal).
World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433. They publish an
annual "World Development Report" full of useful statistics and
summaries.
World Environment Center, 605 Third Av. 17th Floor, New York NY 10158
(See Global Perspectives Quarterrly., Fall 1983, p.4) Publish "World
Environment Report" - 24/ year.
World Resources Institute, 1735 New York Av. NW, Washington DC
20006.
World Resources Institute, 1750 New York Av., Suite 230, Washington
DC 20006, (as of 1987) 1709 New York Av. NW, Washington DC 20006 (1995).
They publish numerous books on natural resource issues.
Worldwatch Institute, 1776 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington DC 20036
(as of 1995) 202-452-1999; fax 202-296-7365. They publish numerous books and
reports on carrying-capacity issues.
SECTION (7-F) - Databases -
(1) World Resources 2005
The FAOSTAT Database: (About 2005)
A massive compilation by the FAO of data on issues related to agriculture, forest management, grazing lands, fisheries and other related issues can be accessed by visiting http://apps.fao.org. Access to the FAOSTAT database itself costs about $1200/ year for residents of developed countries. (Access is free to residents of developing nations.) (Could not be reached on 2/8/07)
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005, FRA Forestry Paper 147, 2005, http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/fra/en (05F1)
The entire report can be downloaded as a *.pdf file (6 MB) Key findings can be downloaded as a *.pdf report (1.43 MB). Individual chapters and appendices (annexes) can also be downloaded. Tables of data in Annex 3 tabulate the following data by nation and region for 229 countries and territories:2005 World Population Data Sheet of the Population Reference Bureau
http://www.prb.org/pdf05/05WorldDataSheet_Eng.pdf (304 KB) tabulates, by country and by region, the area of country or region in square miles.World Resources 2005 - CONTENTS:
Visit http://population.wri.org/worldresources2005-pub-4073.html
http://population.wri.org/pubs_pdf.cfm?PubID=4073 permits you to download a .pdf file of the entire document (264 pages, 15 MB)
The following tables and accompanying commentary have been printed:
NOTE: The page numbers given below are those you ask the .pdf software to
take you to.
The actual page numbers printed on the document's pages are significantly
different.
WORLD RESOURCES 2005 Data Tables (Introduction to tables) (p. 148-149).
Tables - Gender and Development (p.161-164)
~ ~ ~ Annual Earned Income (International dollars) (1991-2000) (Women and
Men)
~ ~ ~ (For more information visit
jttp://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/population)
Tables - Income and Poverty (p.165-168)
~ ~ ~ GDP per Capita PPP (International $) (2002)
~ ~ ~ National Poverty Rate (%) (Total, Urban, Rural)
~ ~ ~ Percent of Population living on less than $1/day and % living on less
than $2/ day.
~ ~ ~ For more information visit
http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/Economics
Tables - Economics and Financial Flows (p.169-172)
~ ~ ~ GDP (Constant 1995 US$)
~ ~ ~ Average Annual Growth Rate of GDP (%) (1992-2002)
~ ~ ~ GDP per Capita (dollars) (2002)
~ ~ ~ Distribution of GDP by Sector (%) (Agriculture, Industry, Services) in
2002)
~ ~ ~ Official Development Assistance and Aid (2002)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit
http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/Economics
Tables - Water Resources and Fisheries (p.185-188)
~ ~ ~ Actual Renewable Water Resources (Total: km3) (Per-Capita
in m3/ person)
~ ~ ~ Annual Water Withdrawals (Total in km3) (Per-Capita
(m3/ person in 2000)
~ ~ ~ Annual Water Withdrawals by Sector in 2000 (Agriculture, Industry,
Domestic)
~ ~ ~ Inland/Marine Fisheries Production (in 1000 metric tonnes) (Capture)
(Aquaculture)
~ ~ ~ Trade in Fish and Fisheries Products (in millions of US$) (2000-2002)
(Imports) (Exports)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit
http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/freshwater
Tables - Land Use and Human Settlement (p.193-196)
~ ~ ~ Total land area (in 2002)
~ ~ ~ Land Area Classifications - Forested (MODIS Satellite Imagery in
2000 - more than 50% cover,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ more than 10%)
~ ~ ~ Land Area Classifications - Forested (FAO Estimate more than 10% cover
in 1990 and 2000)
~ ~ ~ Land Area Classifications - Agriculture - Arable and Permanent
croplands (1992 and 2002)
~ ~ ~ Land Area Classifications - Agriculture - Permanent Pasture (1992 and
2002)
~ ~ ~ Land Area Classifications - drylands.
~ ~ ~ Population Density (People/ km2 in 2000)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit
http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/forests
Tables - Food and Agriculture (p.197-200)
~ ~ ~ Agricultural Land Area (in 2002)
~ ~ ~ Irrigated Cropland as a Percent of Total Land (2002)
~ ~ ~ Labor Inputs to Agriculture (workers/ ha) (2001)
~ ~ ~ Fertilizer Applied (kg/ ha) (2001)
~ ~ ~ Water Withdrawals (m3/ ha) (2000)
~ ~ ~ Calorie Supply per Capita (kcal/ person/ day) (2002)
~ ~ ~ Share of Calorie Supply from Animal Products (2002)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit
http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/agriculture
~ ~ ~ More data tables are available on line at Earthtrends
http://earthtrends.wri.org
(If you don't want graphics, just data, see the same information at
http://earthtrends.wri.org/text.)
(A CD-ROM (also hardcopy) of Earthtrends data is also available. Visit
http://www.wristore.com)
Chapter 1 Reference Citations start on p. 204-207.
Chapter 2 Reference Citations start on p. 208-209.
Chapter 3 Reference Citations start on p. 210-212.
Chapter 4 Reference Citations start on p. 213-215.
Chapter 5 Reference Citations start on p. 216-???.
The Index (by subject) is on pages 220-228.
One huge database that is very useful is the
World
Bank’s "Little Green Data Book." Editions for 2005 through
2009
are available. Just Google "Little Green Data Book" and save the
*.pdf
file on your hard drive. It gives data country-by-country and
region-by-region.
The regional tables cover the seven regions East Asia and Pacific, Europe
and
Central Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa,
South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the world as a whole. The tables listed
below are for the year 2009. Other years will have small differences with
the
list below.
GDP ($ billions)
GNI per capita, World Bank Atlas method ($)
Urban population (% of total)
Urban population growth (average annual %, 1990–2007)
Population growth (average annual %, 1990–2007)
Population (millions)
Agricultural land (% of land area)
Agricultural productivity (value added per worker, 2000 $)
Food production index (1999–2001 = 100)
Population density, rural (people /sq. km
of arable land)
Forest area (% of land area)
Deforestation (average annual %, (1990–2005))
Nationally protected area (% of total land area)
GDP per unit of energy use (2005 PPP $/ kg oil equivalent)
Energy use per capita (kg oil equivalent)
Energy from biomass products and waste (% of total)
Electric power consumption per capita (kWh)
Electricity generated using fossil fuel (% of total)
Electricity generated by hydropower (% of total)
CO2 emissions per unit of GDP (kg/ 2005 PPP $)
CO2 emissions per capita (in metric tons)
CO2 emissions growth (%, 1990–2005)
Particulate matter (urban-pop.-weighted average, µg/ cubic meter)
Transport sector fuel consumption per capita (liters)
Internal freshwater resources per capita (cubic meters)
Freshwater withdrawal Total (% of internal resources)
Percent of total freshwater withdrawals by agriculture
Percent of total population with access to improved water source
Rural (% of rural population)
Urban (% of urban population)
Percent of total population with access to improved sanitation
Rural (% of rural population)
Urban (% of urban population)
Gross savings (% of GNI)
Consumption of fixed capital (% of GNI)
Education expenditure (% of GNI)
Energy depletion (% of GNI)
Mineral depletion (% of GNI)
Net forest depletion (% of GNI)
CO2 damage (% of GNI)
Particulate emission damage (% of GNI)
Adjusted net savings (% of GNI)
Go to Top of this Section-Information Sources and
Organizations
Go to Top of this Chapter-Appendices
Go to Top this Review's Reference List
Go to Forest Land Degradation: A Global Perspective
(Table of Contents)
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