APPENDIX B ~ DRIVING FORCES FOR GLOBALIZATION ~
(Updated 11/1/08)
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[A]~Developing World as a Whole, [B]~Latin America, [C]~Asia, [D]~Africa
Table (B-1) ~ Average Hourly Labor Costs for 1990
Table (B-2) ~ Relative Labor Costs Among Major Auto-Producing Nations in dollars per hour (around 2004).
Table (B-3) ~ Productivity, Wages and Unit Labor Costs Relative to the US, Total Manufacturing, 1990.
Table (B-4) ~ Some Gross National Incomes per capita in 2000 (US dollars/ year)
Table (B-5) ~ Korean Average Monthly Wage for Manufacturing Employees
Table (B-1) ~ Average Hourly Labor Costs for 1990 (from a chart) (Institute of German Industries data) (92R1)
Country |
Wages |
Total |
Total |
Germany |
20 |
38 |
23.6 |
Italy |
14 |
30 |
18.6 |
Japan |
20 |
26 |
16.1 |
France |
13.5 |
25.5 |
15.8 |
Britain |
17 |
25 |
15.5 |
US |
17 |
24 |
14.9 |
Spain |
13 |
22 |
13.6 |
Greece |
6 |
10 |
6.2 |
Portugal |
4 |
7 |
4.3 |
S. Korea |
4.5 |
6.5 |
4.0 |
Taiwan |
5 |
6 |
3.7 |
Singapore |
3.5 |
6 |
3.7 |
Brazil |
3 |
5 |
3.1 |
Turkey |
1.5 |
3.5 |
2.2 |
Mexico |
2 |
3 |
1.9 |
Table (B-2) ~ Relative labor costs among major auto-producing nations, in dollars per hour(Source: U.S. office of Trade and Economic Analysis) (04S1)
Germany |
$33.00 |
U. S. |
$22.50 |
France |
$22.10 |
Japan |
$20.20 |
Canada |
$19.40 |
U. K. |
$18.60 |
S. Korea |
$ 8.40 |
Taiwan |
$ 5.20 |
Mexico |
$ 2.70 |
China |
$ 0.90 |
Table (B-3) ~ Productivity, Wages, and Unit Labor Costs relative to the US, total Manufacturing, 1990~ (96G1) (from a chart)
Country |
Product- |
Wages |
Unit Labor |
India |
0.05 |
0.05 |
1.05 |
Philippines |
0.07 |
0.08 |
1.1 |
Malaysia |
0.10 |
0.10 |
1.0 |
Mexico |
0.25 |
0.20 |
0.7 |
S. Korea |
0.50 |
0.4 |
0.7 |
Japan |
0.85 |
1.0 |
1.15 |
US |
1.00 |
1.0 |
1.00 |
Comments: Unit Labor Costs = Wages/ Productivity.
Table (B-4) ~ Some Gross National Incomes per capita in 2000 (US dollars/ year)
Bhutan |
590 |
Nepal |
240 |
Cambodia |
260 |
Viet Nam |
390 |
Thailand |
2000 |
Lao PDR |
290 |
Sri Lanka |
850 |
Bangladesh |
370 |
Maldives |
1960 |
Tajikistan |
180 |
India |
450 |
Cuba* # |
480 |
Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects: The 1999 Revision (1999)
# Gershon Fishbein, Pittsburgh Post Gazette (1/12/03).
[A] ~ Developing World as a Whole
~
Median per-capita income is under $2/ day (under $730/ year) (Ref.11, 25 and 26 of Ref.(00S1)).
[B] ~ Latin America ~
[B1] ~ Latin America ~ Mexico ~
Maquiladoras in Major Municipal Areas of Mexico's Part of the Rio Grande Basin (02K1)
Area |
Year |
Plants |
Employees |
Year |
Plants |
Employees |
Juarez |
1980 |
121 |
42,412 |
2000 |
312 |
255,740 |
Cd. Chihuahua |
1980 |
19 |
4,415 |
2000 |
85 |
52,722 |
Matamoros |
1980 |
50 |
15,314 |
2000 |
38 |
14,475 |
Piedras Negras |
1993 |
42 |
9,122 |
2000 |
38 |
14,475 |
Cd. Acuna |
1992 |
50 |
18,615 |
2000 |
57 |
32,289 |
Nuevo Laredo |
1993 |
54 |
16,418 |
2000 |
55 |
22,050 |
Reynosa |
1993 |
78 |
34,258 |
2000 |
122 |
64,877 |
TOTALS |
- - - |
414 |
140,554 |
- - - |
*707 |
456,628 |
* There are now almost 3000 maquiladoras in Mexico, employing close to 1 million people (02K1).
[C] ~ Asia ~
[C1] ~ Asia ~ China ~
[C2] ~ Asia ~ India ~
[C3] Asia ~ Indonesia ~
[C4] ~ Asia ~ Japan ~
The market rate for unskilled labor is $25/ hour (02W1).
[C5] ~ Asia ~ Korea (South) ~
Table (B-5) ~ Korean Average Monthly Wage for Manufacturing Employees (dollars) (Bank of Korea data)
YEAR |
1987 |
1989 |
1991 |
1993 |
1995 |
1996 |
WAGES |
400 |
750 |
1000 |
1100 |
1500 |
700 |
A survey by the Korea Traders Association of 460 foreign buying offices in South Korea found that two-thirds plan, within two years, to change their partners or shift their bases to China and Southeast Asian Countries, which can provide less expensive goods (Wall Street Journal (9/26/91)).
[C6] ~ Asia ~ Korea (North) ~
Pay of workers averages about $45/ month. (Damon Darlin, Wall Street Journal (5/12/92)).
[C7] ~ Asia ~ Malaysia ~
The market rate for unskilled labor is $2.50 / hour (02W1).
[C8] ~ Asia ~ Singapore ~
The market rate for unskilled labor is $5.00/ hour (02W1).
[C9] ~ Asia ~ Vietnam ~
[D] ~ Africa ~
[D1] ~ Africa ~ Madagascar ~
APPENDIX B ~ REFERENCES ~
92L1 Karen Lissakers, Wall Street Journal (11/19/92).
92R1 Terence Roth, Wall Street Journal (1/29/92).
93B1 Marcus W. Brauchli, Wall Street Journal (4/7/93).
94C1 Steve Creedy, "India Becoming Software Mecca", Pittsburgh Post Gazette (12/7/94).
96G1 Stephen S. Golub, "America-Firsters Have It Backward", Wall Street Journal (1/16/96).
97B1 Medea Benjamin, letter to the editor in Wall Street Journal (6/4/97).
99C1 Center for Immigration Studies, and US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Productivity and Technology, "Five Years After NAFTA, Rhetoric and Reality of Mexican Immigration in the 21st
Century" (May 1999).
00S1 J. Joseph Speidel, "Environment and Health: 1. Population, Consumption and Human Health", Canadian Medical Association Journal, 163(5)
(9/5/00) pp. 551-556.
01O1 Oxfam, "Bitter coffee: how the poor are paying for the slump in coffee prices", Oxford, UK (2001).
02I1 Evelyn Iritani, Marla Dickerson, "China to be world's factory", New York Times, (appeared in Pittsburgh Post Gazette on 11/24/02).
02K1 Mary E. Kelly, "Water Management in the Bi-national Texas/ Mexico Rio Grande/ Rio Bravo Basin", in Karen Krchnak, editor, Human Population and Freshwater Resources: U.S. Cases and International Perspective, Yale University, New Haven (2002) 177 pp.
02W1 Peter Wonacott, Wall Street Journal (3/14/02).
03F1 Gershon Fishbein, "Cubans give health system mixed reviews", Pittsburgh Post Gazette (1/12/03).
03K1 Mitra Kalita, "India's new cast system: manhole covers". Pittsburgh Post Gazette (3/23/03) (from Newsday).
03M1 Joel Millman, David Luhnow, "Decade After NAFTA, Prospects for Mexico Seem to be Dimming", Wall Street Journal (4/21/03).
03U1 (Unknown) "China to Speed Up Urbanization, Resolve Farm Issues", Push newsfeed (1/8/03).
03V1 Gonzalo Vina, Tom Mudd, "Call Centers Migrate to India, and North of England Loses Jobs", Wall Street Journal (11/5/03).
03W1 Peter Wonacott, "In Rural China, Health Care Grows Expensive, Elusive", Wall Street Journal (5/19/03).
04C1 Leslie T. Chang, "At 18, Min Finds a Path to Success In Migration Wave", Wall Street Journal (11/8/04).
04M1 Dan Morse, "In North Carolina, Furniture Makers Try to Stay Alive", Wall Street Journal (2/20/04).
04S1 Norihiko Shirouzu, "Big Three's Outsourcing Plan: Make Parts Suppliers Do It", Wall Street Journal (6/10/04) p. A1.
07M1 Vladimir Masch, "A Radical Plan to Manage Globalization," BusinessWeek.com (2/14/07) (Visited 2/16/07).
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