- CHAPTER 6 - APPENDICES -
Edition 6, July, 2007

- TABLE OF CONTENTS:

(6-A) - Conversion Factors - Precise - [A1] Lengths, [A2] Areas, [A3] Weights. [A4] Volumes,
(6-B) - Conversion Factors - Imprecise -

(6-C) -
Definitions -
(6-D) -
Information Sources and Organizations -
(6-E) -
Databases -

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NOTE: The notation (su3) means that the data is used in the document analyzing the sustainability of the productivity of the world's food, fiber and water supply systems. 

SECTION (6-A) - Conversion Factors - Precise - [A1] Lengths, [A2] Areas, [A3] Weights, [A4] Volumes,

[A1] - Conversion Factors - Lengths -
1.0 meter (m. or m) | 3.281 ft.
1.0 ft. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 0.3048 m.)

[A2] - Conversion Factors - Areas -
2.47 acres ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 1.0 hectare (ha.)
247. acres ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 1.0 km2
640. acres ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 1.0 mile2 = 2.59 km2 = 259 ha.
1.0 km2 (=1.0 (km)2) | 100 ha.

[A3] - Conversion Factors - Weights -
1.1 English ton (ton)| 1.0 metric ton (tonne) (t.)
2204.6 lb. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ | 1000 kg.)

[A4] - Conversion Factors - Volumes -
1.0 km3 (= 1.0(km)3)~ | 1 billion m3
1.0 acre-foot ~ ~ ~ ~ | 1234 cubic meters( m3)=325,850 gallons
1.0 cubic yard (yd3 ) | 0.7646 m3
1.0 cubic foot (ft3 ) | 0.028319 m3
1.0 gallon (gal.) ~ ~ | 0.003787 m3

NOTE: This document sometimes gives numbers in "English" units. However the preferred units are metric tons (tonnes) (or "t."), meters (m) and kilometers (km.) since only one or two of the world's 190+ nations persist in using cumbersome English units. Even in the US, nearly all technical, scientific, and medical people use metric units.
In this document, km2, km3, etc. mean (km)2, (km)3, etc.

SECTION (6-B) - Conversion Factors-Imprecise -

Water to Meat:
A new book sheds new light on the subject of the water required to produce one lb. of beef. Edited by D. Pimentel and others published 12/00, Ecological Integrity: Integrating Environment, Conservation and Health (Island Press, Washington DC, 2000). For full article and more detail on Pimentel's calculations, see http://www.vegsource.com/articles/pimentel_water.htm

According to one researcher: 12,000 gallons are required for 1 pound of beef. To date, probably the most reliable and widely accepted water estimate to produce a pound of beef is 2,500 gallons/ pound. The beef industry promotes a study that determined, using highly suspect calculations, that 840 gallons of water are required to produce a pound of beef (Bob Witzeman, 4619 E.Arcadia Lane, Phoenix AZ 85018 602-840-0052 witzeman@worldnet.att.net (data from NewWest@aol.com (forwarded from veg news))).
A pound of meat takes up to 100 times more water to produce than is required to produce a pound of wheat (87R1). Rice takes more water than any other grain, but even rice requires only 10% as much water per pound of production as meat (87R1).
AUM equivalents for wildlife:
(USFS numbers in Arizona regarding forage usage.)
one cow = 7 antelope = 6 deer (mule?) = 2 elk
Bob Witzeman 4619 E. Arcadia Lane Phoenix AZ 85018 602 840-0052 11/21/00
John Ellenberger State Big Game Manager Colorado Division of Wildlife 711 Independent Av. Grand Junction CO 81505 john.ellenberger@state.co.us (11/22/00)
gives the following AUM equivalents developed in 1980s when game damage statutes and regulations were revised to include damage by wildlife to livestock forage in hay meadows, pasture and artificially seeded rangelands. These estimates take into account food habits, dietary overlap, and body weight. One AUM is equivalent to: 13.6 antelope-months or 8.7 bighorn-months or 9.9 deer-months or 2.5 elk-months or 1.4 moose-months or 10.3 mountain-goat months.

Forage to Animal-Unit-Months:
800 pounds of forage consumed/1 animal-unit-month (92W1) (94D1).

One cow and her calf will eat 1 AUM/ month (800-1,000 lbs. of forage + browse) (Bob Witzeman 4619 E. Arcadia Lane Phoenix AZ 85018 602 840-0052 11/21/00)
Forage to Beef:
20 lb. of forage produces 1 lb. beef (p. 33 of Ref. (91J1)).

Beef to Animal Protein:
One lb. of beef contains 0.132 lb. of animal protein.
Grain to Beef:
7.5 lb. of grain, fed to cattle, produce 1.lb. beef (85B2).
Cattle are sold for slaughter at weights of 850-1200 pounds and typically eat 8-9 pounds of feed (grain) to gain a pound of weight. It takes 3-4 months to fatten a typical 700-pound feeder calf for slaughter (LanceOlsen@aol.com posting to rangenetlist@onenw.org 11/21/99). Comments: "8-9 pounds of feed" probably means grain-feed, not grass-feed, since it takes about 20 lb. of grass feed for a cow to gain a pound of weight.

Cow Live Weight to beef:
40-50% of the live weight of the average 800-lb. cow becomes beef (p.351 of Ref.91J1). (A 1200-pound steer produces about 180 pounds of fat and bone (Jill Carroll, "FDA Chief is Pushing Broader Animal-Feed Ban", Wall Street Journal, 3/9/01).)

Consumption Rate of Cattle:

Cattle are sold for slaughter at weights 850-1200 pounds and typically eat 8-9 pounds of feed to gain a pound of weight. It takes 3-4 months to fatten a typical 700-pound animal for slaughter (Bloomberg, 3/15/00).
Cattle Slaughter Weight:
1194 lb. (1998) (1174 in 1997) (Wall Street Journal, 7/6/98).
Consumption Rate of Horses:
Over 1.6 tons of feed during a 160-day grazing season. (US Utah extension agents James Barnhill, 801-399-8208 and Dean Miner, 801-370-8469, utah@ext.usu.edu, 1997).

Animal-Units to herbage:
1 AU requires 10,800 lb/ year (4.90 tonnes/ year) of usable herbage (p. 25 of (91J1)).
Consumption Rate of Sheep:
Sheep eat 20% as much (as cattle?) (91J1).
Consumption Rate of Goats:
Goats eat 75% as much as sheep (91J1).
Dry Weight to Normal Weight of Grain:
0.8.
Plant Protein to Animal Protein:
37 million tons/ year of plant protein, fed to US livestock, produce 5.4 million tons of animal protein for human consumption.

Adequate Animal-Protein Diet of Humans:
13.1 kg/ person/ year
US per-capita animal-protein consumption:
23.7 kg/ person/ year
Beef to Calories:
One lb. of beef contains 1120 Calories
Adequate Diet of Calories:
2500 Calories/ day.
Source of Calories People Consume:
17% of the Calories people consume derive from animal products (global average) (86V1).
Source of Protein People Consume:
33% of the proteins people consume derive from animal products (global average) (86V1).
Relative Values of Animal- and Grain Protein to Humans:
To humans, animal-protein has about 1.4 times the biological value of grain-protein (Ref. 18 of Ref. (80P1)).
Grass Growth to Grazing Limit:
Grazing more than 50% of a grass quickly curtails root growth and severely limits future yields. (US Utah extension agents James Barnhill, 801-399-8208 and Dean Miner, 801-370-8469, utah@ext.usu.edu, 1997)

Agricultural Stocking to Wildlife Stocking:
Agricultural (livestock) stocking densities of grasslands are about 10 times natural (wildlife) stocking densities on world's grasslands (92O1).

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SECTION (6-C) - Definitions -

Acre: the English unit of land area (247 acres = 1 km2; 640 acres = 1 mile2)
Acre-foot: The volume occupied by an acre of water, one foot deep.
1.0 acre-foot = 325,850 gallons = 1234 cubic meters (m3).
ADC: Animal Damage Control (part of US Dept. of Agriculture) (p. 390 of (91J1)) (an obsolete term - current name: Wildlife Service - same mission)
Albedo: The fraction of the incident light that is reflected by a surface. (Vegetation changes, over-grazing, etc. affect the albedo of the Earth's land surface and thereby affect climate.)
Allotment: An area of land designated and managed for grazing of livestock (94O1).
Allotment Management Plan (AMP): A documented program of grazing management and range land improvement which applies to livestock grazing on public lands and National Forest System and other lands under Forest Service control, prepared in consultation, cooperation and coordination with the permittee(s), lessee(s) or other involved affected interests (94O1)
annual grass: grass that starts from seed annually (Considered not as good as perennial grass as livestock food).
Anthropogenic: Caused by the actions of Man as opposed to natural causes.
APHIS: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the US Dept. of Agriculture (p. 390 of Ref. (91J1)).
Arid Land: Land receiving 10-25 cm. of rainfall per year. (85D1).
Arid Land: Land receiving 10 inches or less of rainfall in cool regions, and 15-20 inches of rainfall in hot or tropical regions (94O1).
Arroyo: An erosion gully with a flat floor and near-vertical banks (p. 105 of Ref. (91J1)).
AU: Animal-Unit: One mature cow + calf or 5 sheep or 5/6 horse (94O1).
AUM: Animal-Unit-Month: forage needed to support one mature (1000-lb.) cow or 5 sheep for one month (A horse for one month requires 1.2 AUM.) (94O1) (88D1) (An AUM consumes 800-1000 lb. of herbage (p. 25 of Ref. (91J1)).
BIA: Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Biota: The flora and fauna of a region
BLM: Bureau of Land Management, US Department of the Interior.
Browse: Twigs, stems, leaves etc. of woody vegetation (as opposed to grass).
BUREC: Bureau of Reclamation (a land-management agency within the US Department of the Interior)
Calorie: A unit of energy (one Calorie = 1000 calories) (Humans need about 2500 Calories/ day of energy from food intake.)
CEQ: Council on Environmental Quality (no longer in existence).
Chaparral: A dense, impenetrable thicket of shrubs or dwarf trees.
Climax: The highest ecological development of a plant community capable of perpetuation under the prevailing climatic and edaphic conditions (94O1).
Community Allotment: an allotment upon which several permittees graze livestock in common (94O1).
Derived grazing lands: grasslands that have been converted from forest lands (86V2).
Desertification: The process of removal of the soil from a region so that precipitation quickly evaporates or runs into underground aquifers, giving the region the appearance and characteristics of a desert, even though precipitation levels would suggest a non-desert; the creation of a "well-rained-upon desert". Comments: This term became common with the 9/77 Conference on Desertification in Nairobi, Kenya.
Desertification: The diminution or destruction of the biological potential of land that can lead to desert-like conditions (definition of UNCOD) (85D1) (Dregne's definition is on p.19 of Ref. (85D1)).
Desertification: The process of impoverishment and deterioration of terrestrial ecosystems under the impact of man that can be measured by reduced productivity of desirable plants, undesirable alterations in biomass and diversity of micro- and macro-fauna and flora, accelerated soil erosion, and increased hazards for human occupancy (78D1).
Desertification: a process whereby the productivity of drought-prone land decreases because of factors including deforestation, over-cultivation, drought, over-grazing (poor rangeland management), poor irrigation (waterlogging and salinization), soil erosion, chemical action and other practices (86G1).
Desertification: a kind of land degradation in which deserts expand as a result of natural (cyclic changes in climate) and anthropogenic (wood cutting, overgrazing) causes. Desertification is indicated by deterioration of 50% of natural soil and plant cover. This is a major problem in arid regions of the world (
03Z1) (from a Russian document on Russian land inventories, productivities and degradation).
Drylands: arid + semi-arid + dry sub-humid areas (excludes hyper-arid lands) (95D2).
early seral: ecological status that corresponds to 0-25% of the plant composition found in the climax or potential natural plant community. (Synonymous with poor range condition)
Equine: Related to the horse family.
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization (part of United Nations). It compiles information on agricultural production and resources on a global basis.
FLPMA: Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (p. 371 of Ref. (91J1)).
FOIA: Freedom of Information Act.
Forage Crops: Grasses and legumes grown as feed for livestock (ruminants with multi-chamber stomachs that can digest cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) (76H1).
Forage: All browse (shrubby) and herbaceous (non-woody) foods that are available to grazing animals (94O1).
forb: a (broad-leafed) herb that is not a grass, sedge or rush.
GAO: General Accounting Office. It examines the financial aspects of government agencies in an effort to point out problems and inefficiencies.
Gt.: Giga-tonne (one billion metric tons).
ha. (hectare): The internationally accepted unit of land area.
1.0 ha.= 2.47 acres; 100 ha. = 1 km2; 259 ha. = 1.0 mile2
Herbage: Forage + browse (p. 570 of Ref. (91J1)).
Herbaceous: non-woody, e.g. grass.
Hyper-arid Region: Lands receiving less than 10 cm./ year of rainfall (85D1).
Intermountain West: the arid and semi-arid lands between the Cascade/Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains of the US (99G1).
Intermountain West: Land between the Cascade/ Sierra Nevada ranges and the Rocky Mountains in the US (97B2).
kcal.: kilo-calorie (a unit of energy); 1000 calories; 1 Calorie.
km (kilometer): A measure of distance.
1.0 km.= 1000 meters; 1.6091 km.= 1.0 mile; 2.59 km2 (=2.59 (km)2)= 1. mile2
Land Utilization (LU) Lands: Failed homesteaded lands that the federal government purchased for taxes in the 1920s and 1930s (94O1).
late seral: ecological status that corresponds to 51-75% of the plant composition found in the climax or potential natural plant community (synonymous with good range condition).
Ligno-cellulose: A substance constituting the essential part of woody cell walls and consisting of cellulose intimately associated with lignin. (Ruminants can digest lignocellulose; humans cannot.)
Mesic: moist (when speaking of environment).
mid-seral: ecological status that corresponds to 26-50% of the plant composition found in the climax or potential natural plant community. (Synonymous with fair range condition).
Natural grazing lands: grasslands that have always been grasslands, as opposed to derived grazing lands which are grasslands that have been converted from forest lands (86V2).
Natural Potential: With reference to range vegetation, it is used synonymously with climax (94O1).
Net Primary Productivity (NPP): The annual rate at which carbon from CO2 in the atmosphere is converted to live organic matter (leaves, twigs, branches, woody fiber, roots, etc.) by photosynthesis.
NFMA: National Forest Management Act of 1976 (Section (5-E)).
NRDC: Natural Resources Defense Council (environmental organization -Section (6-D)).
Order-of-Magnitude: a factor of ten, without high accuracy.
Over-grazed Range: A range that has deteriorated, and may still be deteriorating, from its natural potential due to livestock (94O1) Comments: Probably implies topsoil loss faster than topsoil creation. May also imply vegetation changes, but this would be a far less serious issue.
Over-stocking: Placing a number of animals on a given area that will result in over-use if continued to the end of the grazing period. This is distinct from over-grazing because animals may be removed before the area is over-grazed. Continued overstocking leads to over-grazing (94O1)
Over-use: Utilizing an excessive amount of the current year's growth that, if continued, will result in over-grazing and range deterioration (94O1).
Pinon: Any of various low-growing nut pines of western North America.
Precipitation: Rainfall plus the equivalent amount of snowfall:
- - - Precipitation = runoff + transpiration.
PRIA: Public Range land Improvement Act of 1978 (p. 371 of Ref. (91J1)).
Protein: Any of numerous, naturally occurring, combinations of amino acids. (Humans obtain protein from meat, nuts, grain, beans, etc., but meat contains a more complete set of proteins than any other single food.).
Rangeland: Land on which the native vegetation (climax or natural potential) is predominantly grasses, grass-like plants, forbs or shrubs suitable for grazing- or browsing use. Rangelands include natural grasslands, savannas, shrub-lands, most deserts, tundra, alpine communities, coastal marshes and wet meadows (94O1).
RFF: Resources For the Future.
Riparian: Stream-side; strongly affected by a waterway.
Ruminant: Even-toed, hoofed mammals that chew the cud and have 3- or 4-chambered stomachs (e.g. sheep, cattle, deer, camels).
Run-off: Water that leaves the land by running off the land surface, or by sinking into an underground aquifer. Runoff = Precipitation - Transpiration.
Savanna: A grassland containing scattered trees ("open forest"). Tropical savannas are usually poor grazing lands.
SCS: United States Soil Conservation Service (founded in 1935).
Semi-arid Land: Lands receiving rainfall at an average rate of 25-50 cm./ year (85D1).
Seral Plant Community: A plant community in a pre-climax state (94O1).
Shinnery: A dense growth of small trees; one of the scrub oaks in the west and southwestern US
shrub: a low, woody plant, usually with several stems.
Sub-Humid Land: Lands receiving 50-75 cm./ year of rainfall (85D1).
Succession (plant-): A vegetational-development process whereby an area becomes successively occupied by plant communities of higher ecological order (94O1). Comments: "higher ecological order" means closer to a climax state.
Tonne: a metric ton; (often abbreviated as "t.")
1.0 tonne = 1000 kg.; 1.0 tonne = 1.1 English tons = 2204.6 lbs.
UNEP: United Nations Environmental Program (a sponsor of studies on global environmental problems such as soil erosion, deforestation, over-grazing, etc.)
UNFAO: (See FAO)
upland: all rangeland other than riparian- or wetland areas.
US: United States.
USDA: United States Department of Agriculture.
USDI: United States Department of the Interior.
USEPA: United States Environmental Protection Agency.
USFS: United States Forest Service.
USGS: United States Geological Survey.
WTO: World Trade Organization.
xeric: moisture deficient (when speaking of environment).

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SECTION (6-D) - ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN GRAZING ISSUES -

Association of Forest Service Employees for Environmental Ethics, P.O. Box 11615, Eugene OR 97440 (503-484-2692).
Atlas of Grazing: Lance Robertson, Massive new book documents damage to public lands", Eugene Weekly 9/17/02 http://www.eugeneweekly.com/archive/09_12_02/news.html#news1
Carrying Capacity Network, 2000 P Street NW, Suite 240, Washington DC 20036 (202-296-4548 or 1-800-466-4866; fax 202-296-4609. They put out numerous publications on various carrying capacity issues.
Cascade Holistic Economic Consultants, 14417 S.E. Laurie, Oak Grove OR 97267.
Center for Biological Diversity, P.O. Box 710, Tucson AZ 85702-0710; swcbd@sw-center.org; http://www.sw-center.org; 520-623-5252 (99W2).
Earth Island Institute, 300 Broadway, Suite 28, San Francisco CA 94133 (415-788-3666).
Environmental Defense Fund, 257 Park Ave. South, New York NY 10010 (212-686-4191).
Ferguson, Denzel and Nancy, c/o Maverick Publications, Drawer 5007, Bend OR 97708.
Forest Guardians, The website www.fguardians.org has a huge searchable bibliography on grazing issue documents on its public lands grazing page. The organization is Forest Guardians, 1411 Second Street, Santa Fe, NM 87505 505-988-9126 (Jan., 2000)
Free our Public Lands!, (book) Contact Lynn Jacobs, P.O. Box 5784, Tucson AZ 85703 (602-578-3173 (91J1).
GrassRoots Environmental Effectiveness Network (GREEN) P.O. Box 40046, Albuquerque NM 87196-0046 (505-277-8302) rfeather@defenders.org or 1101 14th St. NW, Suite 1400, Washington DC 20005 (202-682-9400) jlee@defenders.org or ewingerter@defenders.org http://www.defenders.org/grnhome.html.
Mad Cowboy, a book by Howard Lyman, (1998) (99W2).
National Audubon Society, 950 Third Ave, New York NY 10022 (212-832-3200).
National Resources Defense Council (published "Our Ailing Rangelands; Condition Report - 1985" with NWF) 71 Stevenson St. #1825, San Francisco CA 94105 (415-777-0220).
National Wildlife Federation (published "Our Ailing Rangelands; Condition Report - 1985" with NRDC) 1412 Sixteenth St. NW, Washington DC 20036 (202-637-3700).
New West Research, P.O. Box 9125, Santa Fe NM 87504; newwest@aol.com; http://www.enviroweb.org/newwest (99W2).
Public Lands Action Network, P.O. Box 5631, Santa Fe NM 87502 (505-984-1428) (quarterly newsletter).
Ranching Task Force, Contact Linda Wells, P.O. Box 41652, Tucson AZ 85717 (602-327-9973).
Rest the West, Contact Bruce Apple, P.O. Box 68345, Portland, OR 97268 (503-645-6293 or 653-9781) (or P.O.B.10065, Portland OR 97210??).
Sierra Club, 85 2nd St, San Francisco, CA 94105 (415-776-2211).
Southwest Center for Biological Diversity (no address) publishes Southwest Biodiversity Alert.
Southwest Forest Alliance, See their article "Selling at a loss: public lands, private profit; report on subsidies of mining, grazing and logging" 4/15/96 (99W2).
Turner Foundation, Inc., P.O. Box 550026, Atlanta, GA 30355 (404-681-9900) Founded in 1990 to support non-profit organizations in their work to preserve the Earth and its elements. It supports activities that draw attention to the issue of the human carrying-capacity of the Earth.
Union of Concerned Scientists, 2 Brattle Square, P.O. Box 9105, Cambridge, MA 02238-9105. They do a variety of types of advocacy in issues that include population, agriculture and the environment.
Welfare Ranching: The Subsidized Destruction of the American West George Wuerthner and Mollie Matteson, (Island Press, $75, 346 pp., 7 lb., 11x13") the most comprehensive array of essays, photos, facts, charts and sources ever published on the subject. This atlas of grazing compellingly supports the book's main conclusion: Grazing on public lands should come to an end. The book is being made available to members of Congress, selected journalists and other opinion-makers. The book shows side-by-side photographs comparing a healthy ecosystem with streams and rangelands damaged by overgrazing.

Web sites:
http://www.sw-center.org (See Center for Biological Diversity, above)
http://www.enviroweb.org/newwest (99W2) (See New West Research, above)
http://www.rangenet.org (99W2)
http://arrs.envirolink.org/pdi/hansen.htm (Information on livestock grazing at Hansen Wildlife Refuge in Oregon)
http://www.gci-net.com/ users/w/wolfsoul/environment/cattle/grazing.html (A good general online reference on public lands grazing).
http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:www.theatlantic.com/issues/current/9911lett.htm (Information on livestock grazing at Hart Mountain Wildlife refuge).
The Western Range Revisited - Removing Livestock From Public Lands To Conserve Native Biodiversity Debra L. Donahue's book is available through the University of Oklahoma Press at: http://www.ou.edu/oupress/
Wild Earth, P.O. Box 492, Canton NY 13617 (315-379-9940) (a quarterly journal).
Wildlife Damage Review, P.O. Box 2541, Tucson AZ 85702 (602-882-4218).
Wildlife Management Institute, Suite 725, 1101 14th St. NW, Washington DC 20005 (202-371-1808).
World Resources Institute, 1750 New York Av., Suite 230, Washington DC 20006, (as of 1987) 1709 New York Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20006 (1995). They publish numerous books on natural resource issues.
Worldwatch Institute, 1776 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Washington DC 20036 (as of 1992) (202-452-1999; fax 202-296-7365. They publish numerous books and reports on carrying-capacity issues.

Section (6-E) - Databases -

The FAOSTAT Database:
A massive compilation of data on issues related to agriculture, forest management, grazing lands, fisheries and other related issues can be accessed by visiting
http://apps.fao.org. Access to the FAOSTAT database itself costs about $1200/ year for residents of developed countries. (Access is free to residents of developing nations.) (Could not be reached on 2/8/07)

2005 World Population Data Sheet of the Population Reference Bureau http://www.prb.org/pdf05/05WorldDataSheet_Eng.pdf (304 KB) tabulates, by country and by region, the area of countries and regions in units of square miles.

2005 World Population Data Sheet of the Population Reference Bureau http://www.prb.org/pdf05/05WorldDataSheet_Eng.pdf (304 KB) tabulates population density in people per square mile by country and by region.

(1) WORLD RESOURCES 2005 -Visit http://population.wri.org/worldresources2005-pub-4073.html

http://population.wri.org/pubs_pdf.cfm?PubID=4073 permits you to download a .pdf file of the entire document (264 pages, 15 MB) (See E:\sustainability\wrr05_full.pdf)

NOTE: The page numbers given below are those you ask the .pdf software to take you to.
The actual page numbers printed on the document's pages are significantly different.

WORLD RESOURCES 2005 Data Tables (Introduction to tables) (pp.148-149).

Tables - Gender and Development (pp.161-164)
~ ~ ~ Ratio of Women to Men Enrolled in Secondary Education (2001-2002)
~ ~ ~ Literacy Rate (%) (2000-2004) (Women and Men)
~ ~ ~ Annual Earned Income (International dollars) (1991-2000) (Women and Men)
~ ~ ~ (For more information visit jttp://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/population)
Tables - Income and Poverty (pp.165-168)
~ ~ ~ GDP per Capita PPP (International $) (2002)
~ ~ ~ Percent of Population living on less than $1/ day and % living on less than $2/ day.
~ ~ ~ Gini Index (0 = perfect equality; 100 = perfect inequality)
Tables - Economics and Financial Flows (pp.169-172)
~ ~ ~ GDP (Constant 1995 US$)
~ ~ ~ GDP per Capita (US dollars) (2002)
~ ~ ~ Distribution of GDP by Sector (%) (Agriculture, Industry, Services) in 2002
~ ~ ~ Official Development Assistance and Aid (2002)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/Economics

Tables - Institutions and Government (pp.173-176)

Tables - Energy (pp.177-178)
~ ~ ~ Energy Consumption - Total from all Sources (1000 metric toe) (1991 and 2001)
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (toe = tons of oil equivalent)
~ ~ ~ Energy Consumption (% in 2001) (Fossil, Solid Biomass, Nuclear, Hydro, Other renewables)
~ ~ ~ Proven Fossil Fuel Reserves (million metric toe) (2003) (Coal, Oil, Natural gas)
~ ~ ~ Net Fuel Imports (1000 metric tons of oil equivalent) (2001)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/energy

Tables - Climate and Atmosphere (pp.181-184)
Tables - Water Resources and Fisheries (pp.185-188)
~ ~ ~ Actual Renewable Water Resources (Total: km3) (Per Capita in m3/ person)
~ ~ ~ Annual Water Withdrawals (Total in km3) (Per-Capita (m3/ person in 2000)
~ ~ ~ Annual Water Withdrawals by Sector in 2000 (Agriculture, Industry, Domestic)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/freshwater

Tables - Biodiversity (pp.189-192)

Tables - Land Use and Human Settlement (pp.193-196)
~ ~ ~ Total land area (2002)
~ ~ ~ Land Area Classifications - Forested (MODIS Satellite Imagery in 2000 - more than 50% cover,
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ more than 10%)
~ ~ ~ Land Area Classifications - Forested (FAO Estimate more than 10% cover in 1990 and 2000)
~ ~ ~ Land Area Classifications - Agriculture - Arable and Permanent croplands (1992 and 2002)
~ ~ ~ Land Area Classifications - Agriculture - Permanent Pasture (1992 and 2002)
~ ~ ~ Land Area Classifications - Drylands.
~ ~ ~ Population Density (People per km2 in 2000)
~ ~ ~ Urban Population as a % of total (1990 and 2000)
~ ~ ~ Percent of Population Living in Cities with more than 100,000 people in 2002
~ ~ ~ Percent of Population Living in Cities with more than 1,000,000 people in 2002
~ ~ ~ Percent of Urban People living in Slum Conditions in 2001.
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/forests

Tables - Food and Agriculture (pp.197-200)
~ ~ ~ Agricultural Land Area (2002)
~ ~ ~ Irrigated Cropland as a Percent of Total Land (2002)
~ ~ ~ Labor Inputs to Agriculture (workers per ha) (2001)
~ ~ ~ Fertilizer Applied (kg/ ha) (2001)
~ ~ ~ Water Withdrawals (m3/ ha) (2000)
~ ~ ~ Cereals Received as Food Aid (1000 tonnes) (2002)
~ ~ ~ Net Cereal Imports as a % of Consumption (2002)
~ ~ ~ Cereal Fed to Livestock as a % of Total Consumption (2003)
~ ~ ~ Calorie Supply per Capita (kcal/ person/ day) (2002)
~ ~ ~ Share of Calorie Supply from Animal Products (2002)
~ ~ ~ For more information visit http://earthtrends.wri.org/datatables/agriculture
~ ~ ~ More data tables are available on line at Earthtrends http://earthtrends.wri.org
(If you don't want graphics, just data, see the same information at http://earthtrends.wri.org/text.)
(A CD-ROM (also hardcopy) of Earthtrends data is also available. Visit http://www.wristore.com)
Chapter 1 Reference Citations on pp. 204-207.
Chapter 2 Reference Citations on pp. 208-209.
Chapter 3 Reference Citations on pp. 210-212.
Chapter 4 Reference Citations on pp. 213-215.
Chapter 5 Reference Citations on pp. 216-???.
The Index (by subject) on pages 220-228.

Reference 03Z1 Igor Zonn, Grigori Kapoustin, "Desertification in Russia", http://www.iiasa.ac.at/Research/FOR/russia_cd/guide.htm 1/28/03 contains a large compilation of Russian lands data.

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